مراجعة ليلة الامتحان أحياء لغات تالتة ثانوي 2026.. طريقك السريع للدرجة النهائية
يقدم موقع شبابيك مراجعة ليلة الامتحان أحياء لغات تالتة ثانوي 2026 لجميع طلاب الشعبة العلمية.
حيث تشمل المراجعة الحصرية تغطية شاملة لكافة أجزاء المنهج الدراسي المقرر متمثلا في أبواب الدعم والحركة والتنسيق الهرموني والتكاثر والمناعة، بجانب التركيز على جزئيات البيولوجيا الجزيئية وحل شفرات الحمض النووي بوضوح تام للطلاب.
تحميل مذكرة مراجعة Biology للثانوية العامة 2026
وتتضمن المذكرة المنشورة مئات الأسئلة الاسترشادية المتنوعة التي تغطي نظام البابل شيت والاختيار من متعدد والأسئلة المقالية القصيرة بنسبها المحددة رسميا.
وتتميز الأسئلة بوضع إجابات نموذجية دقيقة ومشروحة بالتفصيل لكل جزئية، مما يتيح للطالب إمكانية التقييم الذاتي الفوري والتعرف على الأخطاء الشائعة لتجنب الوقوع فيها أثناء الحل.
A) Cell Membrane Receptors
- Located on the plasma membrane.
- For proteins, peptides and amines hormones (hydrophilic).
- Hormone binds -> activates membrane proteins -> second messengers -> cellular response.
B) Intracellular Receptors
- Located in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
- For steroid and thyroid hormones (lipophilic).
- Hormone enters cell -> binds intracellular receptor -> complex goes to nucleus -> affects gene expression -> cellular response.
- Pituitary Gland (The Master Gland)
- Small gland at the base of the brain in a bony cavity.
- Connected to hypothalamus by the infundibulum.
- It is called the "Maestro" because it controls other endocrine glands.
Parts of Pituitary Gland
- Pituitary gland
- Adenohypophysis (glandular part) Consists of: Anterior lobe, Middle lobe.
- Neurohypophysis (neural part) Consists of: Posterior lobe, Infundibulum.
Neuro-secretory Cells
Located in hypothalamus. They synthesize hormones (ADH & Oxytocin) -> transported down axons through infundibulum -> stored in posterior lobe -> released into the blood when needed.
A) Hormones of Adenohypophysis
- Growth hormone
- Abbreviation: GH
- Main Target: All body cells
- Main Functions: Stimulates general body growth (especially bones & muscles), Stimulates protein synthesis.
- Prolactin
- Abbreviation: PRL
- Main Target: Mammary glands
- Main Functions: Stimulates milk production after childbirth.
- Thyroid stimulating hormone
- Abbreviation: TSH
- Main Target: Thyroid gland
- Main Functions: Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones.
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone
- Abbreviation: ACTH
- Main Target: Adrenal cortex
- Main Functions: Stimulates secretion of steroid hormones (e.g. cortisol).
- Follicle stimulating hormone
- Abbreviation: FSH
- Main Target: Gonads (testis & ovary)
- Main Functions: In males: stimulates sperm formation (spermatogenesis), In females: stimulates growth of ovarian follicles.
- Luteinizing hormone
- Abbreviation: LH
- Main Target: Gonads (testis & ovary)
- Main Functions: In males: stimulates secretion of testosterone, In females: stimulates ovulation & corpus luteum -> secretion of estrogen & progesterone.
C) Disorders of Growth Hormone (GH)
Disorder: Gigantism
- Cause: Hypersecretion of GH
- Time: Childhood (before epiphyseal plates close)
- Result: Excessive growth in height.
Disorder: Dwarfism
- Cause: Hyposecretion of GH
- Time: Childhood
- Result: Stunted growth (short stature).
Disorder: Acromegaly
- Cause: Hypersecretion of GH
- Time: Adulthood (after epiphyseal plates close)
- Result: Enlargement of hands, feet & face (coarse features).
B) Hormones of Neurohypophysis
- ADH (Vasopressin)
- Increases water reabsorption in kidney nephrons.
- Decreases urine volume & increases urine osmolarity.
- Increases blood pressure by vasoconstriction.
- Deficiency -> Diabetes insipidus.
Summary of ADH Effects
ADH released -> More water reabsorbed from nephrons -> Less urine, More concentrated urine, Lower blood osmolarity, Higher blood pressure.
- Oxytocin
- Stimulates uterine contractions during labor (childbirth).
- Causes milk ejection (Milk release), not milk production.
